This is important in determining the liability of the intoxicated driver. If someone driving under the influence of alcohol grazes a telephone pole that is rotted and thus knocks it down, the condition of the pole would be the intervening cause of its collapse.
It comes between an expected sequence of occurrences to produce an unanticipated result. If one person stabs another person who is simultaneously being shot by a third person, either act alone could cause the person's injury.Īn Intervening Cause is one that interrupts the normal flow of events between the wrong and the injury. They are contemporaneous, but either event alone would bring about the effect that occurs. In some cases the actual cause and the immediate cause of an injury may be the same.Ĭoncurrent causes are events occurring simultaneously to produce a given result. The immediate cause of the injury in this case would be the fall, since it is the cause that came right before the injury, with no intermediate causes. If one person shoves another, thereby knocking the other person out an open window and he or she breaks a leg as a result of the fall, the shove is the actual cause of the injury. The actual cause is the event directly responsible for an injury. Actual, Concurrent, and Intervening Cause The plaintiff must prove that his or her injury would not have occurred but for the defendant's Negligence or intentional conduct. A defendant's liability is contingent upon the connection between his or her conduct and the injury to the plaintiff. The injured party must establish that the other person brought about the alleged harm. In the law of torts, the concept of causality is essential to a person's ability to successfully bring an action for injury against another person. This requirement is imposed to protect people from unreasonable or unrestricted invasions or intrusions by the government. Before someone may be arrested or searched by a police officer without a warrant, probable cause must exist. In Criminal Procedure, Probable Cause is the reasonable basis for the belief that someone has committed a particular crime. If an individual is fired from a job at the bank for Embezzlement, he or she is fired for cause-as distinguished from decisions or actions considered to be Arbitrary or capricious. Any question, civil or criminal, litigated or contested before a court of justice. That which in some manner is accountable for a condition that brings about an effect or that produces a cause for the resultant action or state.Ī suit, litigation, or action. Something that precedes and brings about an effect or a result. Furthermore, we discuss conditions for valid estimation of each type of causal effect, and how improper interpretation or inferences for the wrong target population can be sources of bias.Each separate antecedent of an event. We illustrate how these additional measures can be useful, natural, easily estimated, and of public health importance.
Examples include causal prevalence ratios and differences and causal conditional risk ratios and differences. An important consequence of our generalization is that, using it, one can properly define causal effects based on a wide variety of additional measures. A key part of the generalization is that contrasts used in the definition can involve multivariate, counterfactual outcomes, rather than only univariate outcomes. In this manuscript, we provide and evaluate a definition of causal effects that generalizes those previously available. For example, an observed prevalence ratio might often viewed as an estimator of a causal incidence ratio and hence subject to bias. Exposure effects on other health characteristics, such as prevalence or conditional risk of a particular disability, can be important as well, but contrasts involving these other measures may often be dismissed as non-causal. These and most other examples emphasize effects on disease onset, a reflection of the usual epidemiological interest in disease occurrence.
Common examples include causal risk difference and risk ratios. Population causal effects are often defined as contrasts of average individual-level counterfactual outcomes, comparing different exposure levels.
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